XMM-Newton Conclusively Identifies an Active Galactic Nucleus in a Green Pea Galaxy

Peter G. Boorman, Jiří Svoboda, Daniel Stern, Bret D. Lehmer, Abhijeet Borkar, Murray Brightman, Hannah P. Earnshaw, Fiona A. Harrison, Konstantinos Kouroumpatzakis, Barbora Adamcová, Roberto J. Assef, Matthias Ehle, Brian Grefenstette, Romana Grossová, Maitrayee Gupta, Elias Kammoun, Taiki Kawamuro, Lea Marcotulli, Romana Mikušincová, Matthew J. Middleton, Edward Nathan, Joanna M. Piotrowska, Jean J. Somalwar, Núria Torres-Albà, Dominic J. Walton, Daniel R. Weisz

First listed 2025-05-13 | Last updated 2025-05-13

Abstract

Green Pea galaxies are a class of compact, low-mass, low-metallicity star-forming galaxies in the relatively local universe. They are believed to be analogues of high-redshift galaxies that re-ionised the universe and, indeed, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is now uncovering such populations at record redshifts. Intriguingly, JWST finds evidence suggestive of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in many of these distant galaxies, including the elusive Little Red Dots, that broadly lack any detectable X-ray counterparts. Intuitively, one would expect to detect an AGN in their low-redshift analogues with X-rays, yet no study to date has conclusively identified an X-ray AGN within a Green Pea galaxy. Here we present the deepest X-ray campaign of a Green Pea galaxy performed to date, obtained with the goal of discerning the presence of a (potentially low-luminosity) AGN. The target $-$ SDSS J082247.66 +224144.0 (J0822+2241 hereafter) $-$ was previously found to display a comparable X-ray spectral shape to more local AGN ($Γ$ $\sim$ 2) and a high luminosity ($L_{2-10\,{\rm keV}}$ $\sim$ 10$^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$). We show that over 6.2 years (rest-frame), the 2$-$10 keV luminosity of J0822+2241 is constant, whereas the soft 0.5$-$2 keV flux has decreased significantly by $\sim$60%. We discuss possible scenarios to explain the X-ray properties of J0822+2241, finding transient low-column density obscuration surrounding an AGN to be the only plausible scenario. J0822+2241 thus provides further evidence that low-luminosity AGN activity could have contributed to the epoch of reionisation, and that local analogues are useful to derive a complete multi-wavelength picture of black hole growth in high redshift low luminosity AGN.

Short digest

Deep XMM-Newton monitoring of the Green Pea SDSS J082247.66+224144.0 (z=0.216) tests for an elusive low-luminosity AGN long hinted by its Γ≈2, L2–10 keV≈10^42 erg s^-1 spectrum. Across 6.2 years (rest-frame), the hard 2–10 keV luminosity remains stable while the soft 0.5–2 keV flux drops by ~60%, yielding a markedly harder second epoch. Swapped-epoch spectral posterior checks and SDSS line decomposition (requiring a broad Hα despite BPT star-forming narrow lines) point to transient, low-column obscuration as the only viable explanation. This work delivers the first conclusive X-ray AGN identification in a Green Pea, strengthening the case that faint AGN could have contributed to reionisation and clarifying local analogs of JWST Little Red Dots.

Key figures to inspect

• Figure 1: Compare epoch-1 vs epoch-2 XMM spectra and posteriors to see the hardening driven by suppressed E<2 keV flux, while the hard-band normalization stays consistent; the Q–Q panels show each model adequately fits its own epoch.
• Figure 2: Inspect the swapped-epoch posterior test; the Q–Q residual peaks/troughs around ~2 keV highlight a significant soft-band mismatch at >90% confidence, favoring variable soft absorption over intrinsic continuum changes.
• Figure 3: [S II] λλ6716,6731 decomposition; note that the two-Gaussian narrow-line model materially improves χ^2 and sets the narrow-line template used to anchor the Hα+[N II] fit.
• Figure 4: Hα+[N II] complex fit; the necessity of a broad Hα component (improved residuals versus no-broad model) demonstrates an AGN broad-line contribution despite star-forming narrow-line ratios.