JADES and BlackTHUNDER: rest-frame Balmer-line absorption and the local environment in a Little Red Dot at z = 5

Francesco D'Eugenio, Ignas Juodžbalis, Xihan Ji, Jan Scholtz, Roberto Maiolino, Stefano Carniani, Michele Perna, Giovanni Mazzolari, Hannah Übler, Santiago Arribas, Rachana Bhatawdekar, Andrew J. Bunker, Giovanni Cresci, Emma Curtis-Lake, Kevin Hainline, Kohei Inayoshi, Yuki Isobe, Benjamin D. Johnson, Gareth C. Jones, Tobias J. Looser, Erica J. Nelson, Eleonora Parlanti, Dávid Puskás, Pierluigi Rinaldi, Brant Robertson, Bruno Rodríguez Del Pino, Irene Shivaei, Fengwu Sun, Sandro Tacchella, Giacomo Venturi, Marta Volonteri, Christina C. Williams, Christopher N. A. Willmer, Chris Willott, Joris Witstok

First listed 2025-06-17 | Last updated 2025-11-22

Abstract

We present a broad-line AGN at z=5.077, observed with both NIRSpec/MSA and NIRSpec/IFU by the JADES and BlackTHUNDER surveys. The target exhibits all the hallmark features of a 'Little Red Dot' (LRD) AGN. The combination of spatially resolved and high-resolution spectroscopy offers deeper insight into its nature. The H$α$ line has multiple components, including two broad Gaussians, yielding a black-hole mass of $\log(M_{\rm BH}/M_\odot)=7.65$, while the narrow [O III]$λ$5007 gives a galaxy dynamical mass of $\log(M_{\rm dyn}/M_\odot)=9.1$ suggesting a dynamically overmassive black hole relative to the host galaxy. The target is immersed in a 7-kpc wide pool of ionized gas and has three neighbours: a satellite galaxy, a possible satellite/gas cloud and a tentatively detected spatially detached outflow. H$α$ shows strong absorption, deeper than the continuum, thus ruling out a stellar origin, and with velocity and velocity dispersion of v=-13 km s$^{-1}$ and $σ$=120 km s$^{-1}$. There is tentative evidence (2.6 $σ$) of temporal variability in the EW of the H$α$ absorber over two rest-frame months. If confirmed, this would suggest a highly dynamic environment. Notably, while the H$α$ absorber is clearly visible and even dominant in the high-resolution G395H observations, it is not detected in the medium-resolution G395M data of the same epoch. This implies that the current incidence rate of absorbers in LRDs - and especially of rest-frame absorbers - may be severely underestimated, because most LRDs rely on lower-resolution spectroscopy. In this context, the high incidence rate of rest-frame absorbers in LRDs may indicate a configuration that is either intrinsically stationary, such as a rotating disc, or that exhibits time-averaged stability, such as an oscillatory 'breathing mode' accretion of cyclic expansion and contraction of the gas around the SMBH.

Short digest

Reports a broad-line Little Red Dot at z=5.077 (JADES-GS+033223.41-275404.5/159717) with NIRSpec MSA+IFU, revealing multi-component Hα including two broad Gaussians. A virial black hole mass of log(MBH/M⊙)=7.65 and a narrow [O III] λ5007-based dynamical mass of log(Mdyn/M⊙)=9.1 imply a BH overmassive relative to its host. The source sits in a 7-kpc pool of ionized gas with three neighbors (a satellite, a possible satellite/gas cloud, and a tentatively detected spatially detached outflow). A deep rest-frame Hα absorber (deeper than the continuum; v=-13 km s−1, σ=120 km s−1) appears in G395H but not G395M, with tentative EW variability over two rest-frame months (2.6σ), underscoring resolution- and time-dependent incidence of absorbers in LRDs.

Key figures to inspect

• Hα profile decomposition from the G395H spectrum: inspect the two broad Gaussian components plus the deep rest-frame absorber exceeding the continuum to verify the non-stellar origin and measure v=-13 km s−1, σ=120 km s−1 and EW.
• Side-by-side G395H vs G395M spectra around Hα: confirm that the absorber is prominent at high resolution yet absent at medium resolution, illustrating how spectral resolution biases absorber incidence.
• NIRSpec/IFU [O III] λ5007 flux, velocity, and dispersion maps: trace the 7-kpc ionized gas pool, assess rotation/dispersion, and check the spatially detached outflow candidate for position–velocity offsets.
• Environment/neighbor map over NIRCam imaging with IFU/MSA footprints: locate the satellite galaxy and possible satellite/gas cloud, measure projected separations, and verify redshift/kinematic association.
• BH–host comparison plot: place log(MBH)=7.65 against log(Mdyn)=9.1 relative to local scaling relations to visualize the BH-overmassive nature of this LRD.