Lord of LRDs: Insights into a "Little Red Dot" with a low-ionization spectrum at z = 0.1

Xihan Ji, Francesco D'Eugenio, Ignas Juodžbalis, Dominic J. Walton, Andrew C. Fabian, Roberto Maiolino, Cristina Ramos Almeida, Jose A. Acosta Pulido, Vasily A. Belokurov, Yuki Isobe, Gareth Jones, Claudia Maraston, Jan Scholtz, Charlotte Simmonds, Sandro Tacchella, Elena Terlevich, Roberto Terlevich

First listed 2025-07-31 | Last updated 2025-12-16

Abstract

Recent observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have revealed a puzzling population of optically red and compact galaxies with peculiar "V"-shaped spectra at high redshift, known as "Little Red Dots" (LRDs). Until now, most spectroscopically confirmed LRDs are found at $z>4$ and it has been speculated that LRDs are tracing the early stages of black hole evolution. We report an independent rediscovery of a broad-line active galactic nucleus (AGN), SDSS J102530.29+140207.3, at $z=0.1$, which shows spectral features matching those of LRDs seen in the early Universe, including the V-shaped spectrum, broad Balmer lines (with widths of 1000-2000 km/s), and deep Balmer absorption. We present a new GTC observation of this LRD, which reveals an optical continuum similar to those of G-to-K giant stars including an unambiguous G-band absorption originating from the CH molecule. In addition, this local LRD shows a series of absorption lines potentially related to low-ionization ions or atoms but are deeper than what is observed in empirical stellar templates. We further identify a series of [FeII] emission lines indicative of low-ionization gas, which we find also present in a JWST-selected LRD at $z=2.26$. We find small but statistically significant variability in the H$α$ of SDSS J102530.29+140207.3 consistent with previous findings. Finally, we report new observations with NuSTAR. We confirm the extreme X-ray weakness of this LRD, which might imply Compton-thick gas obscuration with $N_{\rm H}>10^{24}~{\rm cm^{-2}}$. All evidence suggests SDSS J102530.29+140207.3 has a complex gaseous environment and the strong ionic, atomic, and molecular absorptions are hard to explain with typical stellar and AGN models.

Short digest

A nearby LRD analog is uncovered: the broad-line AGN SDSS J102530.29+140207.3 at z=0.1 shows the hallmark V-shaped SED, broad Balmer emission (FWHM 1000–2000 km/s), and deep Balmer absorption. New GTC optical spectra reveal a G–K-giant-like continuum with a clear CH G-band and unusually deep low-ionization absorption, plus a series of [Fe II] emission lines; similar [Fe II] features are identified in a JWST-selected LRD at z=2.26. Multi-epoch data show small but significant Hα variability, and NuSTAR confirms extreme X-ray weakness consistent with Compton-thick obscuration (NH>10^24 cm^-2). Together these point to a dense, complex nuclear environment that reproduces LRD hallmarks locally and informs early black-hole growth, though the strength of the ionic/atomic/molecular absorptions remains challenging for standard stellar/AGN models.

Key figures to inspect

• GTC optical spectrum around 3800–4500 Å: isolate the CH G-band near 4300 Å and compare its depth/shape to G–K giant templates to highlight the non-stellar excess absorption.
• Balmer region montage (Hβ through Hα): show broad (1–2×10^3 km/s) emission profiles with superposed deep Balmer absorption; include multi-epoch Hα measurements or a line-flux light curve to illustrate the detected variability.
• Low-ionization forest and [Fe II] series: annotate identified [Fe II] lines and other low-ionization atomic/ionic absorptions; compare equivalent widths to empirical stellar templates to emphasize the unusually deep features.
• Broadband SED/X-ray constraints: overlay NuSTAR upper limits or spectrum with typical AGN SEDs to demonstrate the extreme X-ray weakness and the Compton-thick NH>10^24 cm^-2 regime.
• Cross-redshift comparison: overlay SDSS J1025+1402 with the z=2.26 JWST-selected LRD to show matched V-shaped turnover and the shared [Fe II] emission signature.