The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: Revealing Less Massive Black Holes in High-Redshift Galaxies

Wenke Ren, John D. Silverman, Andreas L. Faisst, Seiji Fujimoto, Lin Yan, Zhaoxuan Liu, Akiyoshi Tsujita, Manuel Aravena, Rebecca L. Davies, Ilse De Looze, Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Edo Ibar, Gareth C. Jones, Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe, Anton M. Koekemoer, Yu-Heng Lin, Ikki Mitsuhashi, Juan Molina, Ambra Nanni, Monica Relano, Michael Romano, David B. Sanders, Manuel Solimano, Enrico Veraldi, Vicente Villanueva, Wuji Wang, Giovanni Zamorani

First listed 2025-09-02 | Last updated 2025-10-02

Abstract

We present a systematic search for broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST sample of 18 star-forming galaxies ($M_\star>10^{9.5}~M_{\odot}$) at redshifts $z=4.4-5.7$. Using JWST/NIRSpec IFU, we identify 7 AGN candidates through the detection of broad \Ha\ emission lines from 33 aperture spectra centred on photometric peaks. These candidates include one highly robust AGN detection with FWHM $\sim$ 2800 \kms\ and six showing broad components with FWHM $\sim 600-1600$ \kms, with two in a merger system. We highlight that only broad-line detection is effective since these candidates uniformly lie within narrow emission-line ratio diagnostic diagrams where star-forming galaxies and AGNs overlap. The broad-line AGN fraction ranges from 5.9\% to 33\%, depending on the robustness of the candidates. Assuming that the majority are AGNs, the relatively high AGN fraction is likely due to targeting high-mass galaxies, where simulations demonstrate that broad-line detection is more feasible. Their black hole masses range from $10^6$ to $10^{7.5}~M_{\odot}$ with $0.1 \lesssim L_{\rm bol}/L_{\rm Edd}\lesssim 1$. Counter to previous JWST studies at high redshift that found overmassive black holes relative to their host galaxies, our candidates lie close to or below the local $M_{\rm BH}-M_\star$ scaling relations, thus demonstrating the effect of selection biases. This study provides new insights into AGN-host galaxy co-evolution at high redshift by identifying faint broad-line AGNs in galaxy samples, highlighting the importance of considering mass-dependent selection biases and the likelihood of a large population of AGNs being undermassive and just now being tapped by JWST.

Short digest

ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST uses NIRSpec IFU aperture spectra at photometric peaks in 18 z=4.4–5.7 main-sequence galaxies and finds 7 broad-line AGN candidates via Hα, including one robust source (FWHM ≈ 2800 km/s) and six with 600–1600 km/s, two in a merger. Narrow-line diagnostics place these systems within the star-forming locus, so broad-line detection is the only reliable discriminator; the implied broad-line AGN fraction is 5.9–33% and is aided by targeting high-mass hosts. Virial estimates give MBH ≈ 10^6–10^{7.5} M⊙ with Lbol/LEdd ≈ 0.1–1, and candidates lie at or below the local MBH–M* relation, counter to prior JWST reports of overmassive BHs. The work highlights mass-dependent selection effects and points to a substantial, previously missed population of faint, undermassive broad-line AGN at early times.

Key figures to inspect

• Figure 1 (DC_536534): Inspect how the central-aperture extraction isolates a broad Hα component relative to surrounding narrow emission; compare G235M vs G395M line coverage and continuum to gauge BLR detectability.
• Figure 2 (pipeline): Follow the decision branches that separate BLR fits from outflow/narrow-only models and note where the 7 candidates pass; this shows which diagnostics actually elevate a source to “broad-line AGN.”
• Figure 3 (simulations): Compare how Hα width and visibility change across host mass and Eddington ratio; identify the parameter space where broad lines become distinguishable at the survey’s noise and resolution.
• Figure 4 (MBH–M* limits): Check positions of candidates versus local relations and the IFU-center vs full-galaxy detection thresholds; verify why prior JWST AGNs fall above the limits while these systems cluster at or below the local scaling.