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2025-09-11 · 2509.09770v1

Early Stages of Dusty Tori: The First Infrared Spectra from a Highly Multiscale Quasar Simulation

Jaeden Bardati, Philip F. Hopkins, Gordon T. Richards

First IR spectra from a fully self-consistent, cosmological-to-sub-sublimation quasar simulation (post-processed with SKIRT) show that the emission is dominated by a torus-like structure built from a highly magnetized, turbulence-supported outer accretion disk plus dusty gas tidally stripped from the ISM. In this early phase the nucleus is buried and Compton-thick, and the escaping near–mid-IR luminosity varies by nearly an order of magnitude with sightline, driven largely by extinction in an inflowing cold dusty stream. Self-absorption within the torus cools the SED and suppresses silicate emission, while reprocessing by the surrounding ISM imprints prominent silicate absorption; sublimation zones stratified by grain size/composition yield intrinsically varied extinction curves that emerge grayed after multiple scatterings. Clearing biconical cavities in later stages preserves MIR anisotropy and silicate features, implying a buried, IR-bright phase early in dusty starburst quasar evolution.

2025-09-09 · 2509.07611v1

Balmer Absorption in Iron Low-Ionization Broad Absorption Line Quasars

Karen M. Leighly, Sarah C. Gallagher, Hyunseop Choi, et al.

Analyzes Balmer absorption in 14 FeLoBAL quasars (8 new), measuring velocities, widths, and apparent optical depths, and correcting for partial covering to infer true H(n=2) columns. Finds only a weak Eddington ratio–outflow speed trend because most objects are low‑speed “loitering” outflows; dN/dv peaks at low velocities and anticorrelates with luminosity and Eddington ratio. Reports a correlation between Balmer-line width and the optical–IR slope αoi, tying absorber kinematics to SED/accretion state. Notes parallels with Little Red Dots—V‑shaped continua, steep reddening with a scattered blue component, weak hot dust, and X‑ray weakness—hinting at shared conditions that elevate the n=2 population.

2025-09-08 · 2509.07064v1

GA-NIFS: an extended [OIII] halo around the sub-Eddington quasar J1342+0928 at z=7.54

Bartolomeo Trefoloni, Stefano Carniani, Elena Bertola, et al.

JWST/NIRSpec IFS (GA-NIFS) observations of ULAS J1342+0928 (z=7.54) combine prism (R~100) and high-resolution grating (R~2700) to map rest-UV–optical emission and kinematics. The prism cube reveals [O III] λ5007 extended over ~7 kpc—well beyond typical galaxy sizes—consistent with a relic from a past outflow, while the grating data resolve a compact (≤0.6 kpc) nuclear ionized outflow with a mass-loss rate of 50–300 Msun/yr, comparable to the host SFR of 85–545 Msun/yr. Accretion-disk modeling yields log(MBH/Msun)=9.2±0.2 and log(Lbol/erg s−1)=46.8±0.1, implying λEdd≈0.4 and pointing to sub-Eddington growth at the epoch of reionization. The most distant BLR ratios (Fe II UV/Mg II and Fe II opt/Hβ) indicate early metal enrichment; the outflow-rate range is chiefly set by uncertain ne.

2025-08-18 · 2508.12599v1

SMILES Data Release II: Probing Galaxy Evolution during Cosmic Noon and Beyond with NIRSpec Medium-Resolution Spectra

Yongda Zhu, Nina Bonaventura, Yang Sun, et al.

SMILES DR2 releases medium-resolution NIRSpec MSA spectra for 166 GOODS-S/HUDF galaxies spanning 0<z<7.5, with a strong emphasis on cosmic noon (z~1–3). Using the G140M/F100LP and G235M/F170LP settings to provide contiguous ~1–3 µm coverage (split near 1.8 µm), the team delivers reduced 1D/2D spectra, robust redshifts, emission-line catalogs (GELATO) and pPXF fits for quiescents, plus ancillary SED results. The dataset is tuned to capture rest‑optical diagnostics for dusty and obscured systems, enabling work on AGN, multi‑phase outflows, excitation, and metallicity in environmental context. Public HLSP availability makes this a ready benchmark set for cosmic‑noon black‑hole growth and ISM studies.

2025-08-13 · 2508.09749v1

A dual AGN at z = 5.4 associated with a Lyman-alpha Nebula in the Center of a Cosmic Filament

Qiong Li, Christopher J. Conselice, Qiao Duan, et al.

A systematic JWST search flags a spectroscopically confirmed close pair at z≈5.4 (G1: JADES 32751; G2: JADES 32927) with 1.7″ (10.4 pkpc) separation; both components show AGN signatures. NIRSpec PRISM (G1) and NIRCam/F444W grism from FRESCO (G2) reveal rest‑optical line ratios consistent with AGN on BPT diagnostics, with SED fits preferring AGN+SF templates and high‑ionization features strengthening the case. VLT/MUSE maps a >22 kpc Lyα nebula around G2 whose morphology and high Lyα escape fraction point to anisotropic AGN photoionization and an outflow. The pair sits in an overdense filament/protocluster node at z∼5.4, hinting that dual AGNs may be more common at early times than simulations predict and offering a clean probe of CGM feedback during early black‑hole growth.

2025-07-22 · 2507.16921v1

ALMA survey of a massive node of the Cosmic Web at $z\sim 3$. II. A dynamically cold and massive disk galaxy in the proximity of a hyperluminous quasar

A. Pensabene, S. Cantalupo, W. Wang, et al.

High-resolution (∼0.3″) ALMA Band-3 CO(4–3) and 3‑mm continuum mapping of the MQN01 node isolates a massive companion, MQN01‑QC, ∼10 kpc and −300 km s⁻¹ from the hyperluminous quasar CTS G18.01 (z=3.251). Kinematic modeling of the cold gas yields a dynamical mass of 2.5×10^11 M⊙ within ≈4 kpc and a dynamically cold disk with Vrot/σ≈11, establishing the first quasar companion confirmed as a massive rotating disk at this epoch. Despite the proximity, the disk shows no clear tidal disturbances, while the quasar’s CO(4–3) profile exhibits a broad blueshifted wing consistent with a powerful molecular outflow or interaction. The system suggests dynamically cold disks can persist even in dense, early cosmic‑web nodes and hints the quasar may be a satellite in an incipient merger.

2025-07-14 · 2507.10674v1

BASS. XLIX. Characterization of highly luminous and obscured AGNs: local X-ray and [NeV]$λ$3426 emission in comparison with the high-redshift Universe

Alessandro Peca, Michael J. Koss, Kyuseok Oh, et al.

A BAT-selected local analog set of 21 highly luminous, obscured Seyfert 1.9–2 AGN at z<0.6 (log L_X,2–10keV>44.6) is modeled with NuSTAR, XMM-Newton, Suzaku, and Chandra to recover N_H, Γ, intrinsic L_X, covering factor, Fe Kα, and [NeV] λ3426. The sample is highly variable: 82% vary overall (73% in 2–10 keV flux; 33% in line-of-sight N_H), and 6/12 with M_BH estimates fall in the N_H–λ_Edd “forbidden region,” where they also show enhanced N_H variability/outflow signatures—consistent with a clearing phase. [NeV] λ3426 is detected in 85% and, when renormalized to the same [OIII] peak, is significantly stronger than in JWST-selected z=2–9 narrow-line AGN. These local benchmarks calibrate [NeV]-based obscured AGN searches and frame expectations for future high‑z X-ray follow-up.

2025-07-14 · 2507.10659v1

The Discovery of Little Red Dots in the Local Universe: Signatures of Cool Gas Envelopes

Xiaojing Lin, Xiaohui Fan, Zheng Cai, et al.

Reports three SDSS-selected local little red dots at z=0.1–0.2 with LBT/MODS and Magellan/FIRE follow-up, showing the same hallmarks as high‑z LRDs: compact morphologies, V‑shaped UV–optical SEDs with declining NIR continua, broad H/He lines, full Balmer+Paschen series, and minimal variability. All display blue‑shifted He I absorption; two show Hα and Na D absorption, and two have abundant narrow [Fe II]; J1025+1402 (The Egg) further exhibits extreme Na D, K I, and Ca II triplet absorption consistent with a cool (~5000 K), metal‑enriched envelope. Line diagnostics point to AGN‑powered, metal‑poor narrow lines with little dust, very high‑density inner regions for the broad lines (or unusual dust), and [Fe II] from dense gas between them; two targets are X‑ray non‑detections and WISE photometry implies only weak dust (T ~10^2–10^3 K). The authors propose a largely thermalized cool‑gas envelope plus an extended, high‑density outflow to unify these features, positioning local LRDs as resolvable analogs of early BH growth.

2025-07-09 · 2507.07160v1

Empirical Calibration of Na I D and Other Absorption Lines as Tracers of High-Redshift Neutral Outflows

Lorenzo Moretti, Sirio Belli, Gwen C. Rudie, et al.

A cleverly aligned system lets the authors directly calibrate neutral outflow tracers: a massive quiescent galaxy J1439B at z=2.4189 sits 38 kpc from the sightline to QSO J1439+1117, where its outflow appears as a sub-DLA enabling an H I column density measurement. New Magellan/FIRE spectra detect Na I D, Mg II, Mg I, and Fe II in the quasar spectrum and tie their column densities to N(H I), delivering empirical conversions usable for JWST-selected neutral outflows. The Na I calibration is just ~30% below the Milky Way relation commonly assumed at high z, supporting large neutral mass outflow estimates relevant to quenching. In contrast, applying the local Mg II calibration would err by an order of magnitude, likely due to dust depletion variations.

2025-07-07 · 2507.05354v1

JWST MIRI/MRS observations of hot molecular gas in an AGN host galaxy at Cosmic Noon

D. Kakkad, V. Mainieri, Takumi S. Tanaka, et al.

Using JWST/MIRI MRS, the authors detect ro‑vibrational H2 in the z≈2.2 X‑ray AGN cid_346, measuring 1‑0 S(1) (and S(0)) and inferring a hot H2 mass of ≈8×10^5 M⊙. They map hot molecular emission and CO(3‑2) to >10 kpc, and NIRCam imaging reveals two nearby satellites at ≈3.3 and 7.4 kpc, pointing to an interacting environment. The hot phase is 10^5–10^6× less massive than the cold reservoir, but the authors argue H2 ro‑vibrational lines effectively trace locally heated/shocked gas where CO may be faint. Ionized gas shows [O III] extension and a blue wing toward the SE, consistent with outflow activity shaping the multiphase medium.

2025-07-02 · 2507.02058v1

On the rapid growth of SMBHs in high-z galaxies: the aftermath of Population III.1 stars

Mahsa Sanati, Julien Devriendt, SergioMartin-Alvarez, et al.

High-resolution zoom-in simulations with Pop III.1 progenitor preheating follow 10^5 Msun seeds through a suite of AGN feedback modes (Eddington-limited thermal; non-Eddington thermal, kinetic, and radiative). Across all models the seeds grow efficiently to ~10^7 Msun by z≈8, with growth largely unimpeded by feedback; the radiative case shows brief super-Eddington bursts that launch fast, mass-loaded outflows (>2500 km s^-1) to ~50 kpc and slightly suppress stellar mass. The simulated systems resemble JWST moderate-luminosity quasars, yielding overmassive BHs, dynamical masses ~10^9.5 Msun, and short-lived high Eddington fractions. This argues that early AGN feedback coexists with rapid SMBH build-up while exporting energy and metals deep into the CGM/IGM.

2025-06-26 · 2506.20896v1

Blowing star formation away in AGN Hosts (BAH) -- IV: Feeding and feedback in 3C 293 observed with JWST NIRSpec

Maitê S. Z. de Mellos, Rogemar A. Riffel, Gabriel L. Souza-Oliveira, et al.

JWST/NIRSpec IFU mapping of 3C 293’s inner ~2 kpc separates the gas into a rotating disk (σ ~100 km s−1), a blueshifted broad outflow (σ ~250 km s−1), and a very broad ionized outflow (σ ~640 km s−1). H2 2.12 μm, [Fe II] 1.64 μm, and Paα trace multiphase flows through heavy dust (A_V up to ~35), with H2 inflow along dust lanes at Ṁ_in ~4×10−4 M⊙ yr−1. Peak outflow rates reach 0.08±0.02 M⊙ yr−1 (hot H2) and 6.5±1.7 M⊙ yr−1 (ionized), and the jet-driven outflow carries ≈5% of the radio-jet power—sufficient to suppress star formation. The stellar field is a rotating disk whose kinematic center is offset by ~0.5 arcsec from the NIR continuum peak, consistent with a disturbed, post-merger nucleus.

2025-06-23 · 2506.18993v1

Direct Collapse Pre-supermassive Black Hole Objects as Ly$α$ Emitters

Yang Luo, Isaac Shlosman

The authors post-process a direct-collapse pre-SMBH inflow–outflow geometry with a Monte Carlo Lyα transfer that includes photon destruction and two-photon emission, finding that a radiatively driven shell plus a biconical polar funnel enables substantial escape. The emergent Lyα is highly anisotropic and line shapes depend on funnel opening angle and outer column density, yielding strong asymmetry with an extended red tail and measurable peak shifts/cuspiness. The escaping fraction can exceed 95% for a z=10 pre-SMBH object, with only the red wing detectable. Such sources are in principle reachable with NIRSpec/MOS in ~10^4 s at 10σ, and their line profiles provide a diagnostic to separate them from high-z galaxies and quasars.

2025-06-17 · 2506.14870v1

JADES and BlackTHUNDER: rest-frame Balmer-line absorption and the local environment in a Little Red Dot at z = 5

Francesco D'Eugenio, Ignas Juodžbalis, Xihan Ji, et al.

Reports a broad-line Little Red Dot at z=5.077 (JADES-GS+033223.41-275404.5/159717) with NIRSpec MSA+IFU, revealing multi-component Hα including two broad Gaussians. A virial black hole mass of log(MBH/M⊙)=7.65 and a narrow [O III] λ5007-based dynamical mass of log(Mdyn/M⊙)=9.1 imply a BH overmassive relative to its host. The source sits in a 7-kpc pool of ionized gas with three neighbors (a satellite, a possible satellite/gas cloud, and a tentatively detected spatially detached outflow). A deep rest-frame Hα absorber (deeper than the continuum; v=-13 km s−1, σ=120 km s−1) appears in G395H but not G395M, with tentative EW variability over two rest-frame months (2.6σ), underscoring resolution- and time-dependent incidence of absorbers in LRDs.

2025-06-13 · 2506.12141v1

A big red dot at cosmic noon

Federica Loiacono, Roberto Gilli, Marco Mignoli, et al.

JWST reveals BiRD, a luminous little red dot at z=2.33 in the J1030 field, flagged as a bright outlier in the F200W−F356W vs F356W diagram. NIRCam/WFSS detects He I λ10830 and Paγ with both narrow and broad components (FWHM ≳ 2000 km s−1), plus a blueshifted He I absorption indicating dense outflowing gas with N(He I*, 2^3S) ≈ 0.5–1.2×10^14 cm−2 at Δv ≈ −830 km s−1; the source lacks X-ray and radio emission. The Paγ broad component implies MBH ≈ 10^8 M⊙ and Lbol ≈ 2.9×10^45 erg s−1, echoing GN-28074 and RUBIES-BLAGN-1 where similar He I absorption is seen. A first JWST-based census places the LRD space density at z<3 within a factor ∼2–3 of UV-selected quasars at comparable Lbol and MBH, arguing that LRDs contribute meaningfully to AGN demographics at cosmic noon and may trace rapid seed growth.

2025-06-02 · 2506.02289v1

Radiation GRMHD Models of Accretion onto Stellar-Mass Black Holes: I. Survey of Eddington Ratios

Lizhong Zhang, James M. Stone, Patrick D. Mullen, et al.

Exascale AthenaK GRRMHD simulations solve full radiation transport to survey stellar-mass black hole accretion from sub- to highly super-Eddington, spanning spins and initial magnetic topologies. Super-Eddington runs build geometrically thick, radiation-supported disks with a narrow inner funnel, drive powerful equatorial outflows, and remain radiatively inefficient; near/sub-Eddington structure hinges on net vertical flux—forming a thin dense midplane plus magnetically dominated corona when present, versus magnetically dominated throughout without it. Even short of MAD, net-flux high-spin cases launch relativistic jets, connecting to ULXs (Cyg X-3, SS433) and offering a framework for interpreting JWST little red dots. Caveat: results use simplified opacities tailored to stellar-mass systems.

2025-05-21 · 2505.15923v1

Discovery and characterization of 25 new quasars at 4.6 < z < 6.9 from wide-field multi-band surveys

Silvia Belladitta, Eduardo Bañados, Zhang-Liang Xie, et al.

Targeted optical/IR/radio selections across wide-area surveys yield 25 new luminous quasars at 4.6<z<6.9 (six at z≥6.5; M1450 −25.4 to −27.0), plus new spectra for six independently discovered z>6.5 sources. Three are strong radio emitters, including a z=4.71 object with blazar-like traits (flat spectrum, radio-loudness ~1000, multi-frequency variability) and an SRG/eROSITA X-ray detection (f0.2–2.3 keV ≈1.3×10^−13 erg s^−1 cm^−2). NIR spectroscopy for seven 6.3<z<6.9 quasars gives MgII-based black hole masses of 10^8.58–10^9.14 Msun and Eddington ratios 0.74–2.2, with one source showing an extreme CIV–MgII velocity offset of ~9000 km s^−1. The sample also includes three HiBALs, one with a potential 48,000 km s^−1 outflow, expanding the rare jetted/outflowing quasar census that constrains early SMBH growth and feedback.

2025-05-08 · 2505.05556v1

Super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift quasar hosts: Black-hole driven outflows, galaxy quenching, and the nature of little red dots

Giada Quadri, Alessandro Trinca, Alessandro Lupi, et al.

Zoom-in cosmological simulations of a quasar host including super-Eddington accretion track how MBH feedback shapes gas, star formation, and emergent spectra. Outflows usually vent perpendicular to the disc and only moderately suppress the SFR, but after rapid super-Eddington growth the galaxy spends ≈10% of its lifetime in a distinct quenched state. This phase culminates in a powerful jet+disc-wind event that couples to the disc and excavates a central cavity. Across its history the system’s spectra can look like little red dots or quenched galaxies, implying both are transient stages in early quasar hosts.

2025-04-22 · 2504.15913v1

A Massive Gas Outflow Outside the Line-of-Sight: Imaging Polarimetry of the Blue Excess Hot Dust Obscured Galaxy W0204-0506

Roberto J. Assef, Marko Stalevski, Lee Armus, et al.

VLT/FORS2 imaging polarimetry of the blue-excess Hot DOG WISE J020446.13–050640.8 (W0204–0506) finds a spatially integrated UV polarization of 24.7 ± 0.7% in R_Special, clinching a scattered-light origin for the faint blue continuum. The source is resolved, showing a polarization fraction and angle gradient aligned with the HST/WFC3 morphology, which SKIRT radiative-transfer models reproduce with a dusty conical polar outflow that starts at the sublimation radius, has half-opening angle ≤50°, and is viewed at inclination ≥45°, favoring graphite-rich dust. Inferred gas mass and outflow velocity fall within ranges seen for [O III] outflows in other Hot DOGs, though the feedback impact on the host remains uncertain. The work showcases imaging polarimetry as a geometry probe for dusty quasar outflows complementary to spectroscopy.

2025-02-27 · 2502.20550v1

JWST's PEARLS: A z=6 quasar in a train-wreck galaxy merger system

Madeline A. Marshall, Rogier A. Windhorst, Giovanni Ferrami, et al.

JWST/NIRSpec IFU prism data (0.6–5.3 μm, R≈100) on the z=5.89 quasar NDWFS J1425+3254 capture rest-UV/optical lines and spatially resolve its host environment. Broad Hα and Hβ yield MBH≈1.4×10^9 M⊙ and Lbol/LEdd≈0.3, while [O III] exposes a quasar-driven outflow with v≈6050 km s−1 and an ionized outflow rate ≈1650 M⊙ yr−1. The cube maps a “train-wreck” triple merger: an older, massive NE companion (M⋆≈3.6×10^11 M⊙, age≈65 Myr) linked to the host by a gas bridge, plus a very young SE companion (age≈6.7 Myr, M⋆≈1.9×10^10 M⊙) with ongoing star formation. These results argue for merger-triggered early SMBH growth; a likely foreground z=1.135 galaxy may modestly lens the quasar (1<μ<2; <0.75 mag).

2025-02-25 · 2502.18310v1

High-velocity outflows in [OIII] emitters at z=2.5-9 from JWST NIRSpec medium-resolution spectroscopy

Ryan A. Cooper, Karina I. Caputi, Edoardo Iani, et al.

From the full JADES NIRSpec R~1000 sample of 1087 [O III] 5007 emitters at z=2.5–9, the authors flag 40 galaxies with clear blue-side line broadening, of which 34 are robust ionized outflow candidates and 6 may reflect rotating clumps. The outflows occur mostly in star-forming systems (~65% starbursts) spanning log10(M*/Msun)=7.5–11, and include two type-2 AGN candidates plus one little red dot. They measure a median outflow velocity of 531(+146/−159) km/s and a global incidence of 3.4%, higher velocities and lower incidence than prior work, attributed to R1000 resolution and stricter selection. No v_out–M* or SFR correlations are found; v_out/v_esc has a median 0.77 (generally bound), while mass loading anti-correlates with M* up to ~10^10 Msun, exceeding unity in many M*<10^9 Msun galaxies.

2025-01-22 · 2501.12567v1

Exploring quasar evolution with proximate molecular absorbers: Insights from the kinematics of highly ionized nitrogen

R. Cuellar, P. Noterdaeme, S. Balashev, et al.

X-shooter spectroscopy of 13 z≈2.5–3.3 quasars with proximate H2+HI absorbers finds NV in 9/13 (70%), far exceeding intervening DLA (~10%) and generic proximate (~30%) rates. High-ionization lines show blue-extended, broader kinematics decoupled from the neutral/low-ionized profiles, and NV/SiIV varies with velocity such that blueshifted components require higher ionization parameters. Redshifted systems lack NV and are interpreted as infall pre-feedback, while blueshifted proximate H2 systems trace outflow phases that can reach neutral/molecular gas. The authors argue that ionization state—not a fixed velocity threshold—should define “associated” versus “intervening” classifications.